Mandara Temple

As I wrote in the previous post, hubby and I visited Ichinomiya City during Obon holidays in Mid August. On 13th August, hubby went to play golf with his father. I visited a nearby temple named Mandara. Hubby’s sister and her two daughters accompanied me to the temple. Mandara Temple is located in Maehibocho-Teramachi Town of Konan City in Aichi prefecture. The temple belongs to Seizan branch of Jodo sect Buddhism. The temple is also known as ‘Mandara Temple in Hibo’. It is the most revered sacred place in Konan City. The temple was founded by Emperor Godaigo. It took five years to build the temple from 1324 to 1329. That was the time when Emperor Godaigo overthrew Kamakura Shogunate government and took back political power. The temple was established to pray for good luck and prosperity of the nation and for the repose of martyrs' soul. It was specified as an imperial temple by Emperor Gonara. The ruler of Awa feudal clan Hachisuka Iemasa reconstructed the temple is 1632. He carried out this reconstruction to thank for the kindness and education he received during his childhood years spent at the seminary of this temple. The temple was patronized by Owari-Tokugawa family of Tokugawa clan. Presently the temple complex is spread over an area of about 1100 acres, and consists of the main temple, a storage, a large study, a small study, Mandara Hall, Jizou hall, an observatory, a treasury, the central gate, the south gate, and several other structures. In the area surrounding this temple, there are eight branch temples. The principal statue of worship at this temple is Amida Sanzon which is a triad consisting of an image of Amida Nyorai at the center flanked by images of Kannon Bosatsu on the left and Seishi Bosatsu on the right. The temple has been designated as a national important cultural property in 1957.

On 13th August at about 3 pm, my sister-in-law picked me up in her car at the hotel where hubby and I stayed in Ichinomiya City. It took us about 25 minutes to reach Mandara Temple. After parking the car at a nearby parking area, my sister-in-law, her daughters, and I walked up to the main gate of the temple. This main gate named Sanmon is a four legged wooden structure and has a thatched cypress bark roof. This gate actually consists of three entrances, a bigger entrance gate in the center flanked by two smaller entrances on either side of the bigger entrance. We walked past the gate and entered inside the temple premises.

Sanmon Gate of Mandara Temple

The gate as viewed from inside the temple premises

Inside the temple premises

Inside the temple premises, opposite Sanmon Gate, we saw the main hall of the temple. This main hall named Seido was reconstructed by Hachisuka Iemasa in 1632. The hall is a huge wooden structure with the roof made of thatched cypress bark. The roof has Irimoya-zukuri architectural style, which is a hip-and-gable construction style. In addition, Karahafu is set into the front eaves of the roof. This hall is very important because it gives us valuable information about the architectural features of the main hall of Jodo sect Buddhist temples of this region during the early Edo period. This hall has been designated as an important cultural property. While walking along a paved pathway that led to Seido Hall, we saw two beautiful stone lanterns in front of the hall. We also saw a large cauldron for burning incense sticks. The principal statue of worship at this hall is Amida Sanzon triad. I prayed in front of the hall for the health and prosperity of the family.

Seido Hall and a stone lantern

Seido Hall

Cauldron for burning incense sticks

My sister-in-law’s daughters and I standing in front of the hall

We saw a cute tiny kitten walking near the base of one of the stone lanterns. The mother cat was nowhere to be seen. My sister-in-law’s daughters got very worried thinking about the kitten being all alone in this world and no one to feed it. So they wanted to take the kitten home. However, sister-in-law could somehow convince them that the kitten probably belonged to the temple owner and the cute little kitten was safe inside the temple complex. The kids were really relieved to hear that from their mother.

A cute kitten walking at the base of one of the stone lanterns

Sister-in-law and her elder daughter are playing with the kitten. Younger daughter looks very worried about the kitten.

Eventually the younger daughter relaxed and started playing the kitten

Adjacent to Seido Hall, we saw a huge bell housed in a traditional style wooden Shoro belfry. This belfry is a modest structure as compared to other buildings inside the temple complex.

Bell and Shoro belfry

The bell

Next, we saw another building named Jizoudo Hall inside the temple premises. Judging from the architectural style, Jizoudo is believed to be the oldest building amongst the existing structures in the temple complex. Jizoudo is reportedly the original Mandara Temple. This hall building is an important example of the architectural style of the early Edo period. The hall is estimated to be built at the same time as Seido Hall in 1632. It was relocated to the current location inside the temple complex in 1827. The hall is a wooden structure having hipped thatched cypress bark roof. The principal statue of worship at this hall is a small private statue of Jizou Bosatsu that belonged to Dantenmonin Fujiwara no Tadako, who was the mother of Emperor Godaigo. This building has been designated as a cultural property of Aichi prefecture.

Jizoudo Hall

While moving around inside the temple premises, we saw many old and elegant looking trees that had fresh green leaves of summer season.

A stone lantern and an old tree inside the temple premises

Another tree inside the temple premises

Next we went to see wisteria flowers in Mandara Temple Park, which is located adjacent to the temple premises. In 1970, the temple offered a part of its land to the city and the land was equipped as Mandara Temple Park under the administration of the city. The park has an area of 10000 square meters, out of which wisteria trellis covers an area of 2100 square meters. 120 trees of 12 different varieties of wisteria flower trees are planted here. Every year wisteria flower festival is held at this park from late April to early May. Unfortunately when we visited, the flowering season was already over. But we saw many wisteria vines with fresh green leaves that were a soothing sight to our eyes. We saw a few wisteria flowers also.

Wisteria Park

Wisteria trellis

Wisteria flowers

I loved visiting Mandara Temple and Mandara Temple Park in Konan City of Aichi prefecture. On 14th August hubby and I visited Iga Ninja Museum in Mie prefecture about which I will write in the next post.

Nagoya Castle

During the golden week holidays, hubby and I visited his ancestral home in Ichinomiya city. On May 1st, we visited Nagoya Castle located near his ancestral home. Nagoya Castle is a flatland castle located almost in the center of Nagoya city in Aichi Prefecture. In fact Nagoya castle area had several fortifications prior to the current version of Nagoya Castle. Shiba Takatsune built the first recorded fort at Kiyosu, northwest of Nagoya, in the late fourteenth century. The first castle was built on the present castle site by Imagawa Ujichika of the Imagawa clan around 1525. In 1532, Oda Nobuhide of Oda clan defeated Imagawa Ujitoyo (Ujichika’s son) in a battle and captured the castle. However, the castle was abandoned and fell into ruins. The modern version of Nagoya Castle was constructed under the orders of Tokugawa Ieyasu in order to secure an important position on the Tokaido Highway and to ward off attacks from the direction of Osaka. The construction started in 1610, and pieces of the demolished Kiyosu Castle were used as building material. Construction of the donjon was completed in 1612, which was an exemplary castle of those built on flatlands. Nagoya Castle flourished as the castle in which the Owari lineage of the Tokugawa clan, the largest of the three Tokugawa lineages, resided. In 1868 during Meiji Restoration, imperial forces seized the castle and used it as Army barracks. It was transferred to the Imperial Household Ministry in 1893, and was used as an Imperial Villa. In 1930, the Emperor gave the castle to the City of Nagoya. In May 1945, during the air raids on Nagoya in World War II, buildings such as the main donjon, the small donjon, and the Hommaru Palace were burned down. However, three towers, three gates, and most of the paintings on the sliding doors and walls of the palace survived the fire and have been designated as important cultural assets. The main and small donjons and the main gate were rebuilt on the site in 1959. What we see today are these reinforced concrete reproductions of the original destroyed portions. The castle’s main donjon has five levels and seven stories, and serves as a museum. The layout of the castle complex is rather complicated and is divided into various areas. Hommaru area is in the centre of the complex containing the main and small donjons and the Hommaru Palace (presently under reconstruction). Ninomaru area is located to the east, Nishinomaru to the west, Ofukemaru to the northwest, and Sannomaru around the east and south.

Nagoya Castle is located about 22 kilometers southeast of hubby’s ancestral home and it took us 45 minutes to reach the castle by car. Hubby borrowed his father’s Audi car and he felt great to drive it. After parking the car at a parking area, we walked for about five minutes to reach the castle complex. We bought tickets worth 500 Yen per person as admission fee to enter the castle premises. We entered the castle premises through the main gate located at the southwest region of the complex. This gate was originally called Nishinomaru-enokida Gate and was destroyed by fire during World War II. The gate was reconstructed in 1959. Inside the castle premises there is a lot of greenery and is so serene and beautiful.

Hubby standing in front of the main gate of Nagoya Castle

The main gate as viewed from inside the castle premises

Hubby standing next to a map of the castle complex

While walking along the paved pathway, we saw a replica of the female golden Shachihoko (Kinshachi) exhibited amongst the greenery inside the castle premises. In fact, Nagoya Castle is best known for the two Kinshachi that adorns the main ridge of the castle’s roof. Kinshachi is believed to keep the castle free from fire and evil. It is said that the first Shachihoko that adorned the castle roof appeared in the Muromachi period as symbol of the authority of the feudal lords. Although Nagoya Castle’s Kinshachi were destroyed during World War II, they were rebuilt in 1959. The rebuilt Kinshachi were cast in the Osaka Mint and are covered with 0.15 millimeter thick 18 karat gold plates. The male and female Kinshachi have a height of 2.621 meters and 2.579 meters, respectively.

I am standing next to the exhibited replica of female Kinshachi

After walking north along the paved pathway for several minutes, we started getting wonderful view of the stone wall surrounding the donjons and the main donjon itself. The five roofs of the main donjon along with Kinshachi on either end of the topmost roof looked stunning.

Main donjon and the stone wall

Hubby standing on the paved pathway along with the main donjon in the background

Enlarged view of the main donjon

While walking along the pathway, we saw that the moat between Nishinomaru area and Ofukemaru area comes in very close to the castle wall. This is called the cormorant’s neck because it is long and thin. This was done to increase the defense of the castle.

Cormorant’s neck moat between Nishinomaru (left) and Ofukemaru (right)

As we walked further north along the pathway, we started seeing the small donjon also. Nagoya Castle is known for its unique connected-donjon style of construction, with the main donjon and the small donjon joined by an abutment bridge. In fact, the bridge is a roofless corridor between the main and the small donjon. The walls of this corridor are earthen and stone. Numerous 30 centimeter long spearheads are mounted on the outer part of the west side of the corridor. This was done to ward off intruders from coming over the eaves.

Main donjon (left side), abutment bridge (center), and the wall of the small donjon (right side)

Corridor wall (marked by red arrow) mounted with spearheads

After walking for about 15 minutes, we reached the northwest area named Ofukemaru inside the castle premises. In this area, we saw many stones that made up the foundation of the original Nagoya Castle donjon tower. They were moved to this place when the tower was reconstructed in 1959. The original castle tower used to be a national treasure. From this northwest area, we could also see the moat filled with water surrounding the castle complex.

Stones that made up the foundation of the original Nagoya Castle tower along with the remains of an old well

I am sitting on one of the stones

Moat to our right side as viewed from Ofukemaru area

Moat to our left side as viewed from Ofukemaru area

Afterwards we walked back near the donjons and appreciated their architectural details. The original Nagoya Castle was constructed by twenty feudal lords who were appointed by Tokugawa Ieyasu to help with the construction. The donjons were completed in 1612. However, the main donjon, the small donjon, and the abutment bridge connecting the two donjons were burnt down during the air raids of World War II in 1945. The present main donjon having five levels, the small donjon having two levels, and the connecting bridge were reconstructed using reinforced concrete in 1959. We noted that the stone walls of the donjons were curved. These stone walls were constructed by the technique called Ogi-kobai or fan-sloping where the upper part of the wall is curved outward like a fan. The fan-sloping technique was used to prevent swelling by curving the middle portion of the wall inward, thereby balancing the stone weight against the pressure of sand and earth within. We took several photos of the main donjon from various angles and positions.

Main donjon as viewed from the southwest

Main donjon as viewed from the northwest

Main donjon as viewed from the north

Main donjon as viewed from the northeast

Curved wall of the main donjon

Next, we entered inside the Hommaru area through a gate named Fumei-mon located on the northern side of the wall surrounding the Hommaru area. This gate used to be always locked securely and therefore it is known as ‘the gate that never opens’. The wall around this gate is called a ‘sword wall’ because spearheads under the eaves warded off intruders. The gate was destroyed during the air raid in 1945 and was reconstructed to its original form in 1978.

Fumei-mon Gate

Fumei-mon Gate as viewed from inside the Hommaru area

On entering inside the Hommaru area, we got a perfect view of the small donjon, the connecting corridor, and the main donjon. We climbed up the stairs that leads to the small donjon. We walked only a few meters inside the first floor of the small donjon, and then turned to our right and walked along the roofless connecting corridor. From the corridor we got a wonderful low angle view of the main donjon. We entered inside the main donjon which serves as a modern museum.

Small donjon (left side), connecting corridor (center), and main donjon (right side) as viewed from inside the Hommaru area

Small donjon and the stairs

Main donjon as viewed from the stairs leading to the small donjon

Roofless connecting corridor and the entrance to the main donjon

We entered the basement of the main donjon where we saw replicas of Kinshachi and Ogonsui (golden water) well. We also saw a model of a litter (vehicle) named Norimono that was used as a mode of transport by the Owari Tokugawa clan.

I am standing next to the replica of Kinshachi. Structural model of Ogonsui well is seen in the background (marked by red arrow).

Norimono

We climbed up the steps inside the main donjon and reached the first floor. Here we saw a 1/20 scale model of the entire castle complex including the donjons and the Hommaru Palace. We also saw an exhibit of swords and their accessories that were privately endowed by Late Kishi Shinhatsu and later donated to the castle by Kishi Setsuko. In addition, there is a gorgeous exhibition of murals and screen paintings of the Hommaru Palace. Magnificent decorations painted by the Kanou School adorned the walls of the alcoves and sliding doors in each room of the palace. Some of the paintings, such as those on the sliding doors which survived the destruction of the palace during World War II, are designated as important cultural assets.

1/20 scale model of Nagoya Castle complex

Hubby standing in front of the scale model of the castle complex

Exhibit of swords and their accessories

A sword

Exhibition of screen paintings of the Hommaru Palace

Bamboo grooves, leopards, and a tiger

Tigers and a river

Bamboo grooves, leopards, and a tiger

We climbed up to the second floor of the main donjon. This floor is usually closed to the visitors, except when special exhibitions are held. Next we went to the third floor which has an amazing reproduction of the castle and town. We experienced a typical day of the castle lord and his town people. We saw a replica of a room named Taimenjo. In the original Hommaru Palace, this room of the lord was located innermost of the various public rooms. It was a reception room for daily and political affairs and for informal meetings. There is a replica of another room where the lord was served his meals. The typical meal sets served to the lord are displayed in this room. The displayed food items made of plastic look so real. Next we saw a kitchen room named Daidokoro where meals served to the lord and clan retainers were cooked and prepared for serving. Various sizes of baskets and containers, inner shelves filled with cooking implements, and Kamado stoves are displayed in the kitchen. We also saw reproduction of a few shops of the castle town. There is a replica of a bookstore called Honya with display of many books. There is a replica of another shop named Buguya that sold old weapons, helmets, saddles and harnesses, and metal goods. We loved viewing the reproduction of the castle and town at the third floor.

Taimenjo

Meal set on a tray

Another meal set on a tray

Yet another meal set

Grilled fish

Daidokoro kitchen

Kamado

Castle town

Hubby sitting on a bench along with a painting of the castle town in the background

Honya

Buguya

Next we went to the fourth floor of the main donjon. Here we saw displays of armor, helmets, swords, and harquebus guns from the Nagoya Castle collection.

Harquebus guns

Helmets

Armor from Edo period

Next, we climbed further up the steps and reached the fifth floor of the main donjon. We saw huge panels depicting the history of Nagoya Castle as well as the detailed information about the three historical heroes of Nagoya, namely Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu. They were the greatest men in Japanese history and are known as the three unifiers of Japan. We also saw a 1/50 scale cutaway model of the original Nagoya Castle. There is also a fantastic full scale model indicating how the workers transported stones for the construction of the stone walls of the castle. We can see several workers pulling a rope tied to a stone for the stone walls. In fact, we can also try pulling the rope to get a feeling of the hardship faced by the Edo period castle construction workers. While walking around this floor, in one corner we saw a magnificent full scale replica of Kinshachi. We can have a seat on Kinshachi and have our photo taken.

Huge panels depicting the details of the three historical heroes of Nagoya

Cutaway model of the original Nagoya Castle

Model of workers pulling a rope tied to a stone for the stone walls

Hubby sitting on the full scale replica of Kinshachi

Entry is not allowed to the sixth floor of the main donjon. So we climbed up the steps and went to the seventh floor which is the topmost floor and has an observation deck. From the deck, we got beautiful views of the castle grounds and outer lying areas including downtown Nagoya. A small souvenir shop is located on this floor from where we bought a pair of cute couple dolls. At this point, we finished the tour of the main donjon. As we were about to head down the stairs, I casually looked down from the topmost floor and felt very dizzy probably because I am a bit afraid of heights.

Hubby standing on the seventh floor

Nagoya castle grounds and outer lying areas as viewed from the observation deck

Downtown Nagoya as viewed from the observation deck

A pair of cute couple dolls

Staircase

After coming out of the main donjon we had softcream and relaxed for some time. While walking towards the exit of the castle complex, we reached an observation point that is most favored by the visitors for clicking photos of the main donjon. Hubby and I had a professional photo of us taken along with the main donjon in the background.

Hubby having softcream

Hubby and I along with the main donjon in the background

We loved visiting Nagoya Castle and enjoyed the architectural and historical details of the castle.